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Chapter 20 . Working with Words and Images 529 The result is a new directory called cardoc. The result from db2html in the cardoc directory is the creation of a stylesheet-images directory, a t2.html file, and an x12.html file. To view the HTML file just created, I typed the following: $ epiphany $HOME/doctest/cardoc/t2.html Figure 20-11 shows an example of the output created from the db2html command. The screen on the left shows the first page. Click the Next link at the top of the page. The second page that you see is shown on the right. During conversion to HTML, the db2html command adds Next/Previous buttons to each page. It also puts the title of each section in a Table of Contents on page one and in the browser s title bar. Figure 20-11: The DocBook file is output in HTML with the db2html command. From this point, you can continue to add content and different types of tags. If you are writing documents for a particular project (such as the Linux projects mentioned earlier), you should get information on the particular tags and other style issues they require. Converting DocBook Documents The previous example shows how to create a simple DocBook document and convert it to HTML output. The following utilities convert DocBook to other formats:
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528 Part IV . Running Applications 2. Open a text editor to hold your DocBook document. For example, you could type: $ gedit cardoc.sgml (A text editor such as jedit, which you can get at www.jedit.org, can also be useful for dealing with the long tag names used in DocBook.) 3. Enter the tags and text that you want to appear in your document. Most DocBook documents are either type (large, multichapter documents) or

Chapter 20 . Working with Words and Images 527 documents they need to produce. These definitions are referred to as Data Type Definitions (DTDs). For documentation of Linux itself and other open source projects, DocBook has become the DTD of choice. Understanding DocBook DocBook is a DTD that is well-suited for producing computer software documents in a variety of formats. It was originally created by the OASIS Consortium (www. oasis-open.org) and is now supported by many different commercial and open source tools. DocBook s focus is on marking content, instead of indicating a particular look (that is, font type, size, position, and so on.). It includes markup that lets you automate the process of creating indices, figure lists, and tables of contents, to name a few. DocBook is important to the Linux community because many open source projects use it to produce documentation. For example, the following is a list of organizations that use DocBook to create the documents that describe their software: . Linux Documentation Project (www.tldp.org/LDP/LDP-Author-Guide) . GNOME Documentation (developer.gnome.org/projects/gdp/handbook/ gdp-handbook) . KDE Documentation Project (www.kde.org/documentation) . FreeBSD Documentation Project (www.freebsd.org/docproj) If you want to contribute to any of these documentation projects, refer to the Web sites for each organization. In all cases, they publish writers guides or style guides that describe the DocBook tags that they support. Creating DocBook Documents You can create the documents in any text editor, using tags that are similar in appearance to HTML tags (with beginning and end tags appearing between lessthan and greater-than signs). Certain word-processing programs also allow you to create DocBook markup. The following steps show an example of a simple DocBook document produced with a plain-text editor and output into HTML using tools that are available in many Linux systems. 1. Create a directory in your home directory to work in and go to that directory. For example, you could type the following from a Terminal window: $ mkdir $HOME/doctest $ cd $HOME/doctest
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526 Part IV . Running Applications Utility Converts To tiff2bw RGB or Palette color Grayscale TIFF image TIFF image tiff2ps TIFF image PostScript unix2dos UNIX (Linux) text file DOS text file Many graphical applications, such as the GIMP, will also enable you to save images into several different formats (BMP, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and so on), using the Save As feature. Building Structured Documents Documentation projects often need to produce documents that are output in a variety of formats. For example, the same text that describes how to use a software program may need to be output as a printed manual, an HTML page, and a PostScript file. The standards that have been embraced most recently by the Linux community for creating what are referred to as structured documents are SGML, XML, and DocBook. Understanding SGML and XML Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) was created to provide a standard way of marking text so that it could be output later in a variety of formats. Because SGML markup is done with text tags, you can create SGML documents using any plain-text editor. Documents consist of the text of your document and tags that identify each type of information in the text. Unlike markup languages such as Groff and HTML, SGML markup is not intended to enforce a particular look when you are creating the document. So, for example, instead of marking a piece of text as being bold or italic, you would identify it as an address, a paragraph, or a name. Later, a style sheet would be applied to the document to assign a look and presentation to the tagged text. Because SGML consists of many tags, other projects have cropped up to simplify producing documents based on SGML and to better focus the ways in which SGML is used. In particular, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) was created to offer a manageable subset of SGML that would be specifically tailored to work well with Web-based publishing. So far in describing SGML and XML, only the frameworks that are used to produce structured documents have been discussed. Specific documentation projects need to create and, to some extent, enforce specific markup definitions for the type of
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Chapter 20 . Working with Words and Images 525 Utility Converts To dos2unix DOS text file UNIX (Linux) text file fax2ps TIFF facsimile image files Compressed PostScript format (The PostScript output is optimized to send to a printer on a low-speed line. This format is less efficient for images with a lot of black or continuous tones, for which tiff2ps might be more effective.) fax2tiff Fax data (Group 3 or TIFF format (The output is either low-resolution Group 4) or medium-resolution TIFF format.) g32pbm Group 3 fax file (either Portable bitmap digifax or raw) gif2tiff GIF (87) file TIFF format man2html Man page HTML format pal2rgb TIFF image (palette color) Full-color RGB image pbm2g3 Portable bitmap image Fax file (Group 3) pdf2dsc PDF file PostScript document dsc file (The PostScript file conforms to Adobe Document Structuring Conventions. The output enables PostScript readers such as Ghostview to read the PDF file a page at a time.) pdf2ps PDF file PostScript file (level 2) pfb2pfa Type 1 PostScript font ASCII-readable (binary MS-DOS ) pk2bm TeX pkfont font file Bitmap (ASCII file) ppm2tiff PPM image file TIFF format ps2ascii PostScript or PDF file ASCII text ps2epsi PostScript file Encapsulated PostScript (EPSI) (Some wordprocessing and graphic programs can read EPSI. Output is often low quality.) ps2pdf PostScript file Portable Document Format (PDF) ps2pk Type 1 PostScript font TeX pkfont pstotext PostScript file ASCII text (pstotext is similar to ps2ascii but handles font encoding and kerning better. It doesn t convert PDFs.) ras2tiff Sun raster file TIFF format texi2html Texinfo file HTML Continued
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524 Part IV . Running Applications will look like. For example, no extra white space will appear between lines by pressing Enter multiple times. Because LyX supports style files, it enables you to create documents that meet several different standards. For example, LyX supports typesetting for the American Mathematics Society (AMS) journals using the article text class. Other text classes supported include: . article One-sided paper with no chapters. . report Two-sided report, tending to be longer than an article. . book Same as report, with additional front and back matter. . slides For producing transparencies. . letter Includes special environments for addresses, signatures, and other elements. Printing LaTeX Files Whether you create your own LaTeX file, export one from the LyX LaTeX editor, or download one from the Internet, several utilities are available to format, print, or display the output. Here are some of your choices: . To format a LaTeX file (filename.tex), run the following command: $ latex filename.tex . To print a DVI file (filename.dvi), send it to your default PostScript printer, and type the following: $ dvips filename.dvi . To display a DVI file in an X window, type the following: $ xdvi filename.dvi To print a DVI file to a PCL printer, such as an HP LaserJet, type the following: $ dvicopy filename.dvi $ dvilj filename.dvi The dvilj command doesn t support virtual fonts directly. The dvicopy command converts the fonts so that the PCL printer can handle them. Converting Documents Documents can come to you in many different formats. Search just some of the Linux FTP sites on the Interne,t and you will find files in PostScript, DVI, man, PDF, HTML, and TeX. There are also a variety of graphics formats. The following is a list of common document and graphics conversion utilities:
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Chapter 20 . Working with Words and Images 523 Figure 20-10: Create LaTeX documents graphically with the LyX editor. If you want to edit LaTeX in a regular text editor, you must be familiar with the LaTeX commands. For a complete listing of the LaTeX commands, type info latex and then go to the Commands within a LaTeX Document section. Using the LyX LaTeX Editor Start the LyX LaTeX editor with the lyx command. LyX comes with a lot of supporting documentation. Click Help to select a tutorial, user s guide, or other information. To start your first document, I recommend that you select one of the templates provided with LyX. Templates are located in /usr/share/lyx/templates. To open a template, click File . New from Template. A list of available templates appears. You can use them to create letters, slides, and articles, for example. Besides offering standard editing functions, such as cut, copy, and paste, you can perform a variety of markup functions from the Layout menu. As for mathematical functions, the Math menu enables you to insert fractions, square root, exponent, sum, and integral functions into your document. When you are done, you can: . Print the file to a PostScript printer or output a PostScript (.ps) file. (Click File . Print, select the printing method, and then click OK.) . Export the file to LaTeX, DVI, PostScript, or ASCII Text. (Click File . Export and choose from the list of file formats.) LyX calls itself a WYSIWYM editor What You Say Is What You Mean. As a result, what you see on the screen as you edit is not exactly what the printed document
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522 Part IV . Running Applications File Description filename.dvi Device-independent output file that can be translated for use by several different types of output devices (such as PostScript). filename.log A log file that contains diagnostic messages. filename.aux An auxiliary file used by LaTeX. The .dvi file produced can be formatted for a particular device. For example, you could use the dvips command to output the resulting .dvi file to your PostScript printer (dvips filename.dvi). Or you could use the xdvi command to preview the .dvi file in X. Creating and Formatting a LaTeX Document Because LaTeX is the most common way of using TeX, this section describes how to create and format a LaTeX document. A LaTeX macro (often referred to as a command) appears in a document in one of the two following forms: string{option}[required] A backslash () followed by a command. (Replace string with the name of the command.) Optional arguments are contained in braces ({}), and required arguments are in brackets ([]). ?{option}[required] A backslash () followed by a single character (not a letter) command. (Replace ? with the command character.) Optional arguments are contained in braces ({}), and required arguments are in brackets ([]). Each command defines some action to be taken. The action can control page layout, the font used, spacing, paragraph layout, or a variety of other actions on the document. The minimum amount of formatting that a LaTeX document can contain is the following: documentclass{name} begin{document} TEXT GOES HERE! end{document} Replace {name} with the name of the class of document you are creating. The text for the file, along with your formatting commands, goes between the begin and end document commands. The best way to get started with LaTeX is to use the LyX editor, which provides a GUI for creating LaTeX documents. It also contains a variety of templates you can use instead of just creating a document from scratch. Figure 20-10 shows an example of the LyX editor.
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Chapter 20 . Working with Words and Images 521 If these lines appeared in a document called memopic.mm, you could preprocess the PIC code and print the file using the following command: $ groff -Tps -l -mm -p memopic.mm Figure 20-9 shows an example of this drawing. Figure 20-9: Create simple flow diagrams with the pic command s .PS and .PE macros. Text Processing with TeX/LaTeX TeX (pronounced tech) is a collection of commands used primarily to produce scientific and mathematical typeset documents. The most common way to use TeX is by calling a macro package. The most popular macro package for Tex is LaTeX, which takes a higher-level approach to formatting TeX documents. TeX and LaTeX tools are contained in the tetex-latex package. TeX interprets the LaTeX macros from the latex format file (latex.fmt). By default, the latex.fmt and plain.fmt format files are the only ones that are automatically built when the TeX package is installed. Other macro files that you can use with TeX include: . amstex Mathematical publications, including the American Mathematical Society, use this as their official typesetting system. . eplain Includes macros for indexing and table of contents. . texinfo Macros used by the Free Software Foundation to produce software manuals. Text output from these macros can be used with the Linux info command. You can create a TeX/LaTeX file using any text editor. After the text and macros are created, you can run the tex command (or one of several other related utilities) to format the file. The input file is in the form filename.tex. The output is generally three different files: Start Here Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 End
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520 Part IV . Running Applications should be centered in the box (c) and should span across the next two cells (s s). The fourth line says that the heading of each cell should be centered (c | c | c) and the fifth line indicates that the data cells that follow should be left justified (l | l | l). There must be a period at the end of the table definition line. In this example, it is after the l | l | l. line. If the period is not there, tbl will try to interpret the text as part of the table definition, fail, and stop processing the table; the table will not print. The rest of the information in the table is the data. Note that the tab separators are colon characters (:). End the table with a .TE macro. If the table were in a memo called memotbl.mm, tbl could preprocess the memo and then send it to the printer using the following command: $ groff -Tps -l -mm -t memotbl.mm Data between .TS and .TE macros are interpreted as tables. Figure 20-8 displays the output from this example. Figure 20-8: Set how text is justified and put in columns with the use of the tbl command s .TS and .TE macros. The PIC macros (.PS and .PE) let you create simple diagrams and flow charts to use in Groff. PIC is really only qualified to create simple boxes, circles, ellipses, lines, arcs, splines, and some text. The following is some PIC code that could be in a Groff document: .PS box invis Start Here ; arrow box Step 1 ; arrow circle Step 2 ; arrow ellipse Step 3 ; arrow box Step 4 ; arrow box invis End .PE The first line after the .PS indicates an invisible box (invis) that contains the words Start Here, followed by an arrow. That arrow connects to the next box, containing the words Step 1. The next elements (connected by arrows) are a circle (Step 2), an ellipse (Step 3), another box (Step 4), and another invisible box (End). The .PE indicates the end of the pic drawing. Jones, James Smith, Charles Taylor, Sarah Walters, Mark Zur, Mike Employee Marketing Manager Sales Manager R&D Manager Information Systems Manager Distribution Manager Title Jones, James Smith, Charles Taylor, Sarah Walters, Mark Zur, Mike Location Caution
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