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600 Part V . Running Servers Figure 23-1: The PHP information page. If, instead of an information page, you are prompted to download the file, check the appropriate PHP installation section (earlier in the chapter) to verify that all the steps were completed successfully. After everything is tested and working, it s safe to remove the info.php file that you created: # rm -f /var/www/info.php Installing MySQL The MySQL database system is divided into three main packages: the server, clients, and client libraries. The server is contained within the mysql-server package and requires the other two to function. APT is aware of this, which means the packages will be installed automatically when you install mysql-server: Make sure the hostname settings have been configured as described in Chapter 9 before installing the mysql-server package. Failure to do so could result in an error that will cause the installation to fail. # apt-get install mysql-server Note
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Chapter 23 . Running a Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (LAMP) Server 599 This installation process installs Apache version 1.3, and all the configuration examples here have been tested against it. If you would rather install Apache 2.0, it is available in the apache2-mpm-prefork package and uses libapache2-mod-php4 instead of the php4 package mentioned later in this chapter. The server should automatically start once the installation is finished, which means that you re now ready to install PHP. Installing PHP Now you re ready to install and test the PHP module in Apache. This is the most common method for installing PHP but introduces some security concerns on multiuser systems because all PHP scripts will be run as the same user as the Apache daemon. Be sure to read the Security section of the PHP manual at http://php.net/ manual/en/security.php before granting other users access to manipulate PHP files on your server. The PHP Apache module is contained in the php4 package, which is installed using APT. The following lines download and install the module and the mysql extensions, configure Apache to load the module automatically, and instruct Apache to reload its configuration: # apt-get install php4 php4-mysql # apache-modconf apache enable mod_php4 Replacing config file /etc/apache/modules.conf with new version # apachectl restart Don t worry if the second line does not print out a message as this example shows. That simply means that the module has already been configured. At this point, Apache should be ready to process HTTP requests, complete with processing of PHP files. To test it, create a file named /var/www/info.php containing a call to the phpinfo() function: # cat > /var/www/info.php ^D # chmod 644 /var/www/info.php The ^D means that you should press Ctrl+D on your keyboard. This tells the cat command that you are at the end of the input. Now try opening the page by going to http://your server s address/info.php. You should see a page full of information about your Apache and PHP installation, as shown in Figure 23-1. Note
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598 Part V . Running Servers The core features of PHP are included within the PHP code itself, and additional features are implemented in the form of extensions. On Debian, PHP is contained in the php4 package, and the extensions are stored in separate packages that can be installed at any time. Some of the most popular packages include: . php4-curl This extension interfaces with the CURL library, which contains interfaces for several types of servers, including LDAP, HTTP, and FTP. . php4-domxml Functions related to processing XML. . php4-gd The GD library is used for creating images. It is most popular for its graph generation functions. . php4-ldap Functions for communicating with LDAP servers. . php4-mysql Functions for communicating with a MySQL database server. . php4-pear Functions and support programs for using the PHP Extension and Application Repository (PEAR). PEAR is similar to the CPAN archive for Perl programs and contains a large number of useful modules. (More information about PEAR modules can be found at http://pear.php.net.) . php4-pgsql Functions for communicating with a PostgreSQL database server. . php4-snmp Functions for performing network management using the SNMP protocol. Setting Up Your LAMP Server Before proceeding through the examples in this section, be sure that your Debian operating system is configured. You may also choose to set up a server on a system that has been configured using the layout and software packages intended for a workstation, but that s not recommended unless you will only be providing services for a very small number of users whom you know well and trust. Installing Apache The next step toward a functioning LAMP server is to install the Apache HTTP server, which can be found in the apache package. Use APT to retrieve and install the package: # apt-get install apache During the configuration process, you will be asked whether you want to enable the suexec mechanism. The suexec feature increases the security of CGI applications and is generally recommended. You can change your selection later using debconf to reconfigure the apache package. More information about debconf can be found in Chapter 9.
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Chapter 23 . Running a Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (LAMP) Server 597 consists of a server that handles storage and access to data and clients to handle interfacing with and managing the server. Client libraries are also included, and they can be used by third-party programs, such as PHP, to connect to the server. In a LAMP server, MySQL is used for storing data appropriate to the Web applications that are being used. Common uses include data such as usernames and passwords, entries in a journal, and data files. Data within a database are stored in tables; each table contains columns and rows. You could compare a table to a spreadsheet, in which each column contains a specific data field and each row contains a record. Instead of a graphical representation of the data, individual rows are accessed using a query that returns only the rows desired. MySQL was originally developed by Michael (Monty) Widenius of TcX (Sweden). In 1994, TcX needed a backend database for Web applications and decided to use one supporting SQL, a standardized and widely recognized language for interacting with databases. TcX investigated the free databases that were available at the time, plus some commercial databases, but could not find a system that supported the features it needed and could handle its large databases at the same time. Because it already had experience writing database programs, TcX decided that the best way to get what it wanted was to develop a new system that supported SQL. In 1995, TcX released the source code for MySQL on the Internet. MySQL was not an open source program at that time (due to some of the restrictions in its license), but it still began to see widespread use. MySQL was later released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). PHP PHP is a programming language that was developed specifically for use in Web scripts. It is preferred by many developers because it s designed to be embedded within HTML documents, making it simpler to manage Web content and scripts within a single file. PHP originated as a set of Perl scripts by Rasmus Lerdorf called PHP/FI (Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter). Over time, more features were implemented, and Rasmus rewrote PHP/FI in C. In late 1997, Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski began working on a complete rewrite of PHP/FI. As the language evolved and more features were implemented, Gutmans and Suraski decided that it would be appropriate to rename the project to more accurately reflect these features. The name PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) was chosen, with Lerdorf s approval, to maintain familiarity for users of PHP/FI. Note
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596 Part V . Running Servers Components of a LAMP Server You re probably familiar with Linux by this point, so this section focuses on the other three components Apache, MySQL, and PHP and the functions they serve within a LAMP system. Apache Within a LAMP server, Apache HTTPD provides the service with which the client Web browsers communicate. The daemon runs in the background on your server and waits for requests from clients. Web browsers connect to the HTTP daemon and send requests, which the daemon interprets, sending back the appropriate data. Apache HTTPD includes an interface that allows modules to tie into the process to handle specific portions of a request. Among other things, modules are available to handle the processing of scripting languages such as Perl or PHP within Web documents and to add encryption to connections between clients and the server. Apache began as a collection of patches and improvements from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, to the HTTP daemon. The NCSA HTTP daemon was the most popular HTTP server at the time, but had started to show its age after its author, Rob McCool, left NCSA in mid-1994. Another project that came from NCSA is Mosaic. Most modern Web browsers can trace their origins to Mosaic. In early 1995, a group of developers formed the Apache Group and began making extensive modifications to the NCSA HTTPD code base. Apache soon replaced NCSA HTTPD as the most popular Web server, a title it still holds today. The name Apache refers to the nation of Native Americans having the same name and does not refer to a patchy Web server. The Apache Group later formed the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) to promote the development of Apache and other free software. With the start of new projects at ASF, the Apache server became known as Apache HTTPD, although the two terms are still used interchangeably. Current ASF projects include Jakarta (open source Java solutions), mod_perl (an Apache-embedded Perl interpreter), and SpamAssassin (an e-mail filtering program). MySQL MySQL is an open source DBMS (database management system) that has become popular among Web masters because of its speed, stability, and features. MySQL Note Note
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Running a Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (LAMP) Server With the growing availability of broadband Internet connections and a popular desire to run personal Web sites and Web logs (blogs), an increasing number of people are setting up Web application servers on their home Internet connections. Web applications are also finding more popularity in business environments because Web applications reduce the number of programs that need to be maintained on workstations. One popular variety of Web application server is what has recently come to be known as a LAMP server because it brings together Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. LAMP servers combine components from several open source projects to form a fast, reliable, and economical platform for other readily available applications. This chapter will help you install and configure your own LAMP server, starting with an introduction to the various components, guiding you through the installation and configuration, and finishing with the installation of a sample Web application. The examples in this chapter are based on a system running Debian GNU/Linux but conceptually should work on other distributions, taking into account that other Linux systems use different ways to install the software and start and stop services. Descriptions of how to set up LAMP configuration files, however, should work across multiple Linux distributions with only slight modifications. More information about Debian can be found in Chapter 9. 2C H A3P3T E R . . . . In This Chapter Components of a LAMP server Setting up your LAMP server Operating your LAMP server Troubleshooting Securing your Web traffic with SSL/TLS . . . .
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Running Servers . . . . In This Part Chapter 23 Running a Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (LAMP) Server Chapter 24 Running a Mail Server Chapter 25 Running a Print Server Chapter 26 Running a File Server . . . . P A R T V
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Chapter 22 . Gaming Alone and Online 591 role-playing game in the swords-and-sorcery mold. You can develop your character and go adventuring or play online with others via a LAN or over the Internet. You can even build your own worlds and host adventures as the Dungeon Master. Neverwinter Nights is licensed by Wizards of the Coast to use Dungeons & Dragons rules and material. Of course, to use the Neverwinter Nights Linux client, you must purchase the game from BioWare. You must also have access to certain files from a Windows installation of the game. Keep in mind that getting Neverwinter Nights running is not a simple process. Important installation instructions and downloadable files are located at http://nwn.bioware.com/downloads/linuxclient.html. This site includes additional information about expansion packs and updates. If you want the Neverwinter Nights experience on your Linux system to be pleasant, I highly recommend reading the instructions thoroughly. And you will need patience in addition to a high-bandwidth Internet connection. Depending on the version of Neverwinter Nights to which you have access, you may need to download up to 1.2GB of files. Summary With the addition of hot titles such as Doom 3, Far Cry, and EverQuest 2 to the list of playable titles, Linux continues to grow as a gaming platform. You can spend plenty of late nights gaming on Linux. Old UNIX games that have made their way to Linux include a variety of X Window based games. There are card games, strategy games, and some action games for those less inclined to spend 36 hours playing Doom 3. On the commercial front, Civilization: Call to Power for Linux and Myth II are available to use on your Linux system. Unfortunately, these will probably disappear because Loki Software (which ported those applications to Linux) went out of business. Fortunately, the future of high-end Linux gaming seems to be in the hands of TransGaming Technologies, which has created Cedega from previous WINE technology to allow Windows games to run in Linux. Commercial games that run natively in Linux are also available. These include games from id Software, such as Quake III Arena and Return to Castle Wolfenstein. . . .
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590 Part IV . Running Applications Myth II was created by Bungie Software (www.bungie.com) and ported to Linux by Loki Entertainment Software (www.lokigames.com). The Loki port of the popular Myth game includes improved graphics and new scenarios. A demo version is available that runs well in most distributions (particularly Fedora/Red Hat). You can get it via the Demo Launcher described earlier. You need at least a modest Pentium 133 MHz, 32MB RAM, 80MB swap space, and 100MB of free disk space. You also need network hardware for multiuser network play (network card or dial-up), and a sound card if you want audio. Figure 22-8 shows a screen in Myth II. Figure 22-8: Use warriors, archers, and dwarves to battle in Myth II. Heretic II Based on the Quake Engine, Heretic II sets you on a path to rid the world of a deadly, magical plague. As the main character, Corvus, you explore dungeons, swamps, and cities to uncover and stop the plague. The graphics are rich, and the game play is quite engaging. You will experience some crashing problems with Heretic II out of the box. Be sure to check for the update to Heretic II at www.updates.lokigames.com, which should fix most of the problems. Neverwinter Nights BioWare (www.bioware.com) dipped its foot into Linux gaming waters with a Linux client for its wildly popular Neverwinter Nights game. Neverwinter Nights is a classic
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Chapter 22 . Gaming Alone and Online 589 The following sections describe a few games that may still be available. Again, these games may not be available for long. Civilization: Call to Power You can build online civilizations with Civilization: Call to Power (CCP). Like earlier versions and public spinoffs (such as the Freeciv described earlier in this chapter), Civilization: Call to Power for Linux lets you explore the world, build cities, and manage your empire. The last version offered by Loki Games includes multiplayer network competition and extensions that let you extend cities into outer space and under the sea. If you like Freeciv, you will love CCP. Engaging game play is improved with enhanced graphics, sound, and animation. English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish versions are available. Freeciv is dependent on the Open Sound System for audio support. The Open Sound home page (www.opensound.com/osshw.html) has a list of supported sound cards, mostly older devices. If you do not have a card that s on the list, you may be unable to enjoy the audio. The CCP demo comes with an excellent tutorial to start you out. If you have never played a civilization game before, the tutorial is a great way to start. Figure 22-7 shows an example scene from the Civilization: Call to Power for Linux demo. Figure 22-7: Civilization: Call to Power features excellent graphics and network play. Myth II: Soulblighter If you like knights and dwarves and storming castles, Myth II: Soulblighter for Linux might be for you. In Myth II, you are given a mission and some troops with various skills. From there, you need strategy and the desire to shed lots of virtual blood to meet your goal. Note
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