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568 Part IV . Running Applications Summary You have a lot of high-quality applications available to fulfill your needs for a Web browser and e-mail client in Linux. Most Web browsers are based on the Mozilla Gecko engine (which came originally from Netscape Navigator). Firefox is being slated as the next-generation replacement for Mozilla Navigator. Graphical and text-based e-mail clients include Ximian Evolution, Mozilla Mail, and KMail. Thunderbird is set to become the next-generation e-mail client to replace Mozilla Mail. . . .
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Chapter 21 . E-Mailing and Web Browsing 567 . w3m This browser can display HTML pages containing text, links, frames, and tables. It even tries to display images (although it is a bit shaky). Both English and Japanese help files are available (press H with w3m running). You can also use w3m to page through an HTML document in plain text (for example, cat index.html | w3m -T text/html). Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to page through a document. Press Enter on a link to go to that link. Press B to go back to the previous link. Search forward and back for text using the / (slash) and ? (question mark) keys, respectively. The w3m seems the most sophisticated of these browsers. It features a nice default font selection, seems to handle frames neatly, and its use of colors also makes it easy to use. The links browser lets you use the mouse to cut and paste text. You can start any of these text-based Web browsers by giving it a filename, or if you have an active connection to the network, a Web address. For example, to read the w3m documentation (which is in HTML format) with a w3m browser, type the following from a Terminal window or other shell interface: $ w3m /usr/share/doc/w3m-0*/doc/MANUAL.html An HTML version of the W3M Manual is displayed. Or you can give w3m a URL to a Web page, such as the following: $ w3m www.handsonhistory.com After a page is open, you can begin viewing the page and moving around to links included in it. Start by using the arrow keys to move around and select links. Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to page through text. Running Firefox Web Browser A final Web browser that deserves a mention is called Firefox. This is the latest Web browser from Mozilla.org and is intended to set a new direction and standard for Web browsers. Firefox contains the same rendering engine (Gecko) that comes in Mozilla Navigator, but the user interface and many security features are brand new. Firefox also features faster performance and can run in less memory. Because it doesn t include all the mail, news, IRC, and similar clients (those are available separately from Mozilla), it should load and launch faster than Mozilla Navigator. If you are using applications other than Mozilla to provide those features, Firebird might be for you. Firefox is delivered with Fedora Core 3 (which is included on the DVD that comes with this book). If your Linux distribution doesn t include Firefox, you can read about and download Firefox at www.mozilla.org/products/firefox. (A nice feature of the Damn Small Linux distribution is that it offers a menu selection for downloading and starting Firefox from a bootable Linux environment. Right-click the desktop, and then look for how to download Firefox on the Network menu.)
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566 Part IV . Running Applications In the DOM Inspector window, type the URL to the Web page you want to check out. The nodes representing the head, body, tables, fonts, and so on appear in the left column. Values for each node appear in the right column. Click a node name and the selected area is highlighted on the page below, with the node value appearing to the right. You can also use DOM Inspector to inspect a window. Resizing the Web Page There is a nice keyboard shortcut that lets you quickly resize the text on most Web pages in Mozilla. Hold the Ctrl key and press the plus (+) or minus (-) keys. In most cases, the text on the Web page gets larger or smaller, respectively. That page with the insanely small type font is suddenly readable. Using Text-Based Web Browsers If you become a Linux administrator or power user, over time you will inevitably find yourself working on a computer from a remote login or where there is no desktop GUI available. At some point while you are in that state, you will want to check an HTML file or a Web page. To solve the problem, many Linux distributions include several text-based Web browsers. With text-based Web browsers, any HTML file available from the Web, your local file system, or a computer where you re remotely logged in can be accessed from your shell. There s no need to fire up your GUI or read pages of HTML markup if you just want to take a peek at the contents of a Web page. In addition to enabling you to call up Web pages, move around within those pages, and follow links to other pages, some browsers even display graphics right in a Terminal window! Which browser you use is a matter of which you are more comfortable with. Browsers that are available include the following: . links You can open a file or a URL and then traverse links from the pages you open. Use search forward (/string) and back (?string) features to find text strings in pages. Use up and down arrows to go forward and back among links. Press Enter to go to the current link. Use the right and left arrow keys to go forward and back among pages you have visited. Press Esc to see a menu bar of features from which to select. . lynx The lynx browser has a good set of help files (press the ? key). Step through pages using the spacebar. Although lynx can display pages containing frames, it cannot display them in the intended positioning. Use the arrow keys to display the selected link (right arrow), go back to the previous document (left arrow), select the previous link (up arrow), and select the next link (down arrow).
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Chapter 21 . E-Mailing and Web Browsing 565 1. Choose Edit.Preferences. The Preferences window appears. 2. Click Popup Windows under the Privacy & Security category. 3. Click the Block Unrequested Popup Windows box. 4. Click OK. You won t get any more pop-up windows from this point on. As the Preferences window notes, by blocking all pop-ups you might keep some Web sites from working properly. Click the Allowed Sites button to allow pop-ups on certain sites that you choose. Using Tabbed Browsing If you switch back and forth among several Web pages, you can use the tabbed browsing feature to hold multiple pages in your browser window at once. You can open a new tab for browsing by simply selecting File.New.Navigator Tab or by pressing Ctrl+T. You can also tailor how tabbed browsing works from a Web page or from the Location box. Here s how: 1. Choose Edit.Preferences. The Preferences window appears. 2. Click Tabbed Browsing under the Navigator category. 3. Click one or both of these boxes, depending on how you want to use tabbed browsing: Middle-click, Control+click, or Control+Enter on links in a Web page Selecting this box lets you open a link to another Web page in a new tab. For this to work, click the middle mouse button on a link, hold the Ctrl key while you click the left mouse button on a link, or (with the link highlighted) hold the Ctrl key and press Enter. Control+Enter in the Location bar After you type a Web address (URL) into the Location box, hold the Ctrl key and press Enter to open the new page in a tab. 4. Click OK. You can begin using the tabbed browser feature. A tab for each tabbed page appears at the top of the Navigator pane. To close a tab, create a new tab, bookmark a group of tabs, or reload tabs, right-click one of the tabs and choose the function you want from the drop-down menu. One of the easiest ways to open a link in a tab is to right-click over a link on an HTML page. Select the Open Link in New Tab choice. Using the DOM Inspector If you are debugging a Web page that you are creating, the Document Object Model (DOM) Inspector can be useful for checking out the structure of your page and dynamically updating the DOM you are traversing. To open the DOM inspector, from the Mozilla window choose Tools.Web Development.DOM Inspector.
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564 Part IV . Running Applications The default set of buttons lets you do the following: . Colors Change between default colors and those set on the Web page. . Images Toggle between having images loaded or not loaded on pages you display. . JavaScript Allow or disallow JavaScript content to play in Mozilla Navigator. . Clear Cache Delete all cached content from memory and disk. . Kill Flash Kill all embedded Flash content on the current page. . Real UA Choose to have your browser identified as itself (current version of Mozilla) or any of the following: Mozilla 1.0 (in Windows 98), Netscape Navigator 4.7 (in Macintosh), Netscape 6.2 (in Linux), Internet Explorer 5.0 (in Macintosh), or Internet Explorer 6.0 (in Windows XP). The user agent (UA) setting is very useful when dealing with Web sites that require Internet Explorer (IE) (and usually IE on Windows, not MacOS). The IE 6.0 WinXP setting is good enough to allow Mozilla to log onto the Microsoft Exchange webmail service, which is usually set up to require IE. If you want to run Linux in a mostly Windows organization, install the preferences toolbar. Click the Customize button to add other buttons to the toolbar. You can add buttons to clear your History or Location bar entries. You can even add a Popups button to prevent a page from opening a pop-up window from Mozilla. Many of the preferences take effect immediately. Others may require you to restart Mozilla. Adding Java Support If you want to display some Java content, but you only see a broken puzzle piece and a failure message that says you need a plug-in to view application/x-javawhatever content, you can install the software you need from the Sun Microsystems Web site (www.sun.com). Look for the Java 2 Runtime Environment package from java.sun.com/download. (It should say something like Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition that runs on Linux.) Doing Cool Things with Mozilla Some neat bells and whistles are built into Mozilla that can make your browsing more pleasant. The following sections explore a few of those features. Blocking Pop-Ups You can block annoying pop-up windows using the Mozilla Preferences window. Here s how:
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Chapter 21 . E-Mailing and Web Browsing 563 If you encounter a problem with Mozilla that you can t overcome, I recommend that your refer to the Mozilla Bugzilla database (https://bugizilla.mozilla.org). This site is an excellent place to search for bugs others have found (many times you can get workarounds to your problems) or enter a bug report yourself. Adding a CrossOver Plug-In QuickTime 5 movies, Shockwave Director multimedia content, and various Microsoft movie, file, and data formats simply do not play natively in Mozilla Navigator. Using software built on WINE for Linux on x86-based processors, CodeWeavers (www.codeweavers.com) created the CrossOver Plug-in. Although it costs a few dollars ($24.95 U.S. for a one-user-at-a-time license), the plug-in lets you play some content that you simply could not otherwise use in Linux. After you install the plug-in, you see a nice setup window that lets you selectively install plug-ins for QuickTime 6, Windows Media Player 6.4, Shockwave 8.5, Flash 6, and Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint viewers. (Support for later versions of these content formats may be available by the time you read this.) You can also install other multimedia plug-ins, as well as a variety of fonts to use with those plug-ins. Adding a Preferences Toolbar Did you ever run into a Web page that required you to use a particular type or version of a browser or had fonts or colors that made a page unreadable? The Mozilla preferences toolbar called PrefBar2 lets you try to spoof Web sites into thinking you are running a different browser. It also lets you choose settings that might improve colors, fonts, and other attributes on difficult-to-read pages. You can install the neat little toolbar from the Mozdev.org site (http://prefbar. mozdev.org). Click the Install link, and then after it is installed, restart Mozilla. You must have write permissions to /usr/lib/mozilla-1.6 for the Install link to work. This may require you to log in as root, start Mozilla, install PrefBar, and then log out as root. Figure 21-7 shows an example of PrefBar2 that has been installed in Mozilla. Figure 21-7: Change colors, fonts, and browser types on-the-fly with the Mozdev.org preferences toolbar. Tip Note
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562 Part IV . Running Applications Otherwise, probably just copy the plug-in file (a .so file) to the system plug-in directory (such as /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins) or your personal plug-ins directory (probably $HOME/.mozilla/plugins), if you are not otherwise instructed. When you restart Mozilla, the plug-ins will automatically be picked up from those locations. The CrossOver Plug-in is a commercial product that lets you use many Windows plug-ins in Mozilla. See the section Adding a CrossOver Plug-In, later in this chapter for details. Using Mozilla Navigator Controls If you have used a Web browser before, the Mozilla Navigator controls are probably as you might expect: location box, forward and back buttons, file and edit menus, and so on. A few controls come with Mozilla, though, that you might not be used to seeing, such as these: . Display Sidebar Press the F9 function key to toggle the sidebar on and off. The sidebar is a left column on your Mozilla screen for allowing quick access to Searches, Bookmarks, and History. Use the Search tab to search for Web content, the Bookmarks tab to add your own bookmarks, and the History tab to return to pages on your history list. The What s Related tab shows a list of links available from the current Web page. . Send Web Content You can send an e-mail containing either the current Web page (File.Send Page) or the URL of the current Web page (File.Send Link) to selected recipients. . Search the Internet You can search the Internet for a keyword phrase in many different ways. Choose Tools.Search the Web to open a Netscape Web site that lets you search the Internet, or type one or more keywords in the Location box and then click Search. And of course you can use the sidebar s Search tab described earlier. . View Web Page Info You can view information about the location of a Web page, the location of each of its components, the dates the page was modified, and other information by choosing View.Page Info. On the Page Info window, click the Links tab to see links on that page to other content on the Web. Click the Security tab to see information about verification and encryption used on the page. Improving Mozilla Browsing Every Web site you visit with Mozilla is not going to play well. Some sites don t follow standards, use unreadable fonts, choose colors that make it hard to see, or demand that you use a particular type of browser to view their content. To improve your browsing experience, there are several things you can add to Mozilla. Note
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Chapter 21 . E-Mailing and Web Browsing 561 3. Click New Type. A dialog box appears that enables you to add information about the helper app and the data that it can handle. Type in a description of the data, the MIME type, and the file suffixes (if any) on files that contain that type of data. When you add the suffix, don t include the dot. Choose an application to handle the data type. If the application needs a Terminal window to run, type xterm -e, followed by the command line you need to enter. This executes the command in an xterm window, reading in data as needed. 4. Click OK when you are done. The next time you open data in Mozilla of the type you just added, a pop-up window asks you if you want to use the application you just entered to open the data. Adding Plug-Ins Few plug-ins are available for use in most Linux versions of Mozilla. To see a list of plug-ins associated with the browser, choose Help.About Plug-ins. Check PluginDoc (http://plugindoc.mozdev.org/linux.html) for a list of plugins available for Mozilla. Here are descriptions of a few of those plug-ins: . Adobe Acrobat Plug-in (www.adobe.com/support/downloads) Displays files in Adobe Systems PDF (Portable Document Format) format. . Cult3D Plug-in (www.cult3d.com) Displays high-quality, interactive realtime 3D images on the Web. This plug-in is part of the Cult3D product line from Cycore Inc. (Click Download from the Cult3D home page to find the plugin. A cult3d RPM is available that requires tailoring to work in Mozilla.) . DjVu Plug-in (djvu.sourceforge.net) Displays images in DjVu image compression technology. This plug-in is from AT&T. . RealOne Player (www.real.com) Plays Real Audio and Video content. (Real Networks and its open source Helix community have recently made RealVideo 9 codecs available to the Linux community.) . Macromedia Flash Player (www.macromedia.com) Displays multimedia vector graphics and animation. This plug-in is from Macromedia, Inc. Flash Player is available for Mozilla, but Macromedia s Shockwave plug-in is not yet available for Linux. Follow the installation instructions that come with the plug-in you downloaded. If the plug-in comes in an RPM file, install it as you would any other software package if you are using an RPM-based Linux distribution (rpm -Uvh package command). Note
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560 Part IV . Running Applications . HTTP Networking If you are using a proxy server, that proxy server may require that you make HTTP requests using either HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 standards (1.1 is the default). You can set which version of HTTP requests you should use. . Software Installation Choose to allow or disallow requested Web content attempts to install software, such as updates, on your computer. . Mouse Wheel Change how Mozilla behaves when you use a mouse wheel. By default, the wheel scrolls a line at a time. You can also assign each keyboard modifier key (Alt, Control, and Shift) to a different function. . DOM Inspector Turn this on to check the structure of a Web page (for debugging). This is very useful if you need to create Web pages, especially dynamic Web pages. Adding Helper Apps Although the main type of content provided by Web pages is HTML, many other content types can be displayed, played, or presented by a Web browser. Most additional data encountered by Mozilla is handled in one of two ways: plug-ins or helper apps. Plug-ins are self-contained programs that allow data to play within the Mozilla window. A helper app can be any program that is available on your Linux system. It is up to you to identify the plug-in or helper app to have Mozilla launch when a certain type of data is encountered. At the time you open a Web page and data of a specific type is encountered, Mozilla evaluates the data based on the following criteria and then launches the appropriate plug-in or helper app: . Suffixes If the browser is reading a file that has a particular extension (such as .exe for an application or .gz for a compressed zip file), it can use that suffix to determine the file s contents. When a file s extension matches a suffix configured for a particular helper app or plug-in, the helper app or plug-in is used to play or display the data. . MIME type Because data may come to the browser in a stream or have no suffix, Mozilla can use the MIME type attached to the data to determine which plug-in or helper app to use. (MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.) You can add your own helper app to automatically handle a particular type of data in your browser. Here s how: 1. Choose Edit.Preferences. The Mozilla Preferences window appears. 2. Click the plus next to the Navigator category, and select Helper Applications.
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Chapter 21 . E-Mailing and Web Browsing 559 . Languages For Web pages that can appear in multiple languages, this sets the order in which you would prefer languages to be displayed. (For example, you might choose English/United States, English, French, and German. Then Mozilla will try to display a Web page you open in each of those languages successively, until one is matched. . Helper Applications Set up applications for handling different types of data that may be encountered while browsing the Web. You can select the Plug-in Finder Service box to have the Netscape Plug-in Finder Service used to look for plug-ins (small applications that run within the browser) to handle the type of data you encounter. . Smart Browsing Choose to do keyword searches when you type partial addresses in the Location box. Smart browsing is off by default, so typing netscape would cause Mozilla to look for www.netscape.com instead of searching for Netscape links. . Internet Search Select which search engine to use for Internet searches. You can also change how the Search tab is used with searches. . Tabbed Browsing Use these selections to have search results appear in tabs on the Mozilla Navigator window instead of appearing in the full screen. . Download Choose what you see during downloads from the Internet (a download manager, a progress dialog, or nothing). Set Advanced Preferences to fine-tune your Web browsing experience. That includes choosing how data are cached on your computer and whether proxies are used. On the main Advanced preferences panel you can choose whether to enable Java content to be displayed in your browser. Here are some preferences that might interest you: . Scripts & Plug-ins The Web content you choose can try to open, move, resize, raise, and lower windows. It can request to change your images, status bar text, or bits of information stored in what are called cookies. These preferences let you restrict what the content you request can do. . Cache By default, the most recent 4MB of Web pages you visit are stored in RAM, and the most recent 50MB of pages you visit are stored on your hard disk. If a page is not out-of-date, caching makes it possible to return to a page quickly, without needing to reload from the original Web server. Cache preferences let you change how much information is cached, and where the harddisk cache is located. Other preferences let you clear all memory and disk cache immediately. . Proxies If you have direct access to the Internet, you don t need to change any proxy settings. However, if you need to access the Internet via a proxy server, you can identify the location of that server (or servers) here. To access the Web via proxy servers, you must explicitly identify the proxy server to use for each type of content you request (HTTP, SSL, FTP, Gopher, and SOCKS).
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