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Chapter 25 . Running a Print Server 651 In Gentoo Linux, you d use the rc-update command to add the CUPS service to start at each reboot and run the cupsd runlevel script to start it immediately. For example, type the following as root user: # rc-update add cupsd default # /etc/init.d/cupsd start Most Linux systems have similar ways of starting the CUPS service. You may need to poke around to see how CUPS starts on the distribution you are using. Configuring CUPS Printer Options Manually If your Linux distribution doesn t have a graphical means of configuring CUPS, you can edit configuration files directly. For example, when a new printer is created from the Printer Configuration window, it is defined in the /etc/cups/printers.conf file. Here is what a printer entry looks like: Info Created by system-config-printer 0.6.x DeviceURI parallel:/dev/lp0 Location HP LaserJet 2100M in hall closet State Idle Accepting Yes JobSheets none none QuotaPeriod 0 PageLimit 0 KLimit 0 This is an example of a local printer that serves as the default printer for the local system. The most interesting information relates to DeviceURI, which shows that the printer is connected to parallel port /dev/lp0. The state is Idle (ready to accept printer jobs), and the Accepting value is Yes (the printer is accepting print jobs by default). The DeviceURI has several ways to identify the device name of a printer, reflecting where the printer is connected. Here are some examples listed in the printers. conf file: DeviceURI parallel:/dev/plp DeviceURI serial:/dev/ttyd1?baud=38400+size=8+parity=none+flow=soft DeviceURI scsi:/dev/scsi/sc1d6l0 DeviceURI socket://hostname:port DeviceURI tftp://hostname/path DeviceURI ftp://hostname/path DeviceURI http://hostname[:port]/path DeviceURI ipp://hostname/path DeviceURI smb://hostname/printer
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650 Part V . Running Servers To enable Web-based CUPS administration, the cupsd daemon listens on port 631 for all network interfaces to your computer based on this entry: Listen *:631. By turning on BrowseRelay (it s off by default), you can allow CUPS browse information to be passed among two or more networks. The source-address and destination-address can be individual IP addresses or can represent network numbers: BrowseRelay source-address destination-address This is a good way to enable users on several connected LANs to discover and use printers on other nearby LANs. You can allow or deny access to different features of the CUPS server. An access definition for a CUPS printer (created from the Printer Configuration window) might appear as follows: Order Deny,Allow Deny From All Allow From 127.0.0.1 AuthType None Here, printing to the ns1-hp1 printer is allowed only for users on the local host (127. 0.0.1). No password is needed (AuthType None). To allow access to the administration tool, the CUPS must be configured to prompt for a password (AuthType Basic). Starting the CUPS Server For Linux systems that use SystemV-style startup scripts (such as Fedora, RHEL, and SUSE), starting and shutting down the CUPS print service is pretty easy. Use the chkconfig command to turn on CUPS so it starts at each reboot. Run the cups startup script to have the CUPS service start immediately. Type the following as root user: # chkconfig cupsd on # /etc/init.d/cups start If the CUPS service was already running, you should use restart instead of start. Using the restart option is also a good way to reread any configuration options you may have changed in the cupsd.conf file. Other Linux systems vary in how they start up the CUPS service. For example, in Slackware, you can turn on CUPS printing permanently by simply making the rc.cups script executable and then turn it on immediately by executing it (typing the following as root user): # chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.cups # /etc/rc.d/rc.cups start
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Chapter 25 . Running a Print Server 649 Working with CUPS Printing Tools like CUPS Web-based Administration and Red Hat s Printer Configuration window effectively hide the underlying CUPS facility. There may be times, however, when you want to work directly with the tools and configuration files that come with CUPS. The following sections describe how to use some special CUPS features. Configuring the CUPS Server (cupsd.conf) The cupsd daemon process listens for requests to your CUPS print server and responds to those requests based on settings in the /etc/cups/cupsd.conf file. The configuration variables in cupsd.conf file are in the same form as those in the Apache configuration file (httpd.conf). Red Hat s Printer Configuration window adds access information to the cupsd.conf file. For other Linux systems, you may need to configure the cupsd.conf file manually. You can step through the cupsd.conf file to further tune your CUPS server. Let s take a look at some of the settings in the cupsd.conf file. No classification is set by default. With the classification set to topsecret, you can have Top Secret displayed on all pages that go through the print server: Classification topsecret Other classifications you can substitute for topsecret include: classified, confidential, secret, and unclassified. The ServerCertificate and ServerKey lines (commented out by default) can be set up to indicate where the certificate and key are stored, respectively: ServerCertificate /etc/cups/ssl/server.crt ServerKey /etc/cups/ssl/server.key Activate these two lines if you want to do encrypted connections. Then add your certificate and key to the files noted. Browsing is the feature whereby you broadcast information about your printer on your local network and listen for other print servers information. Browsing is on by default only for the local host (@LOCAL). You can allow CUPS browser information (BrowseAllow) for additional selected addresses. Browsing information is broadcast, by default, on address 255.255.255.255. Here s how these defaults appear in the cupsd.conf file: Browsing On BrowseProtocols cups BrowseOrder Deny,Allow BrowseAllow from @LOCAL BrowseAddress 255.255.255.255 Listen *:631
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648 Part V . Running Servers The DeviceURI line is packed with the key information. It identifies the location (an smb object), username (jjones), user s password (my9passswd), workgroup (FSTREET), server (NS1), and printer queue name (hp). The contents of the cupsd.conf file define who you will allow to use this printer. Order Deny,Allow Deny From All Allow From 127.0.0.1 AuthType None Based on this example information, only users from the local host (127.0.0.1) are allowed to use the printer, and no authentication is necessary for them to use it. If everything is set up properly, you can use the standard lpr command to print the file to the printer. Using this example, employ the following form for printing: $ cat file1.ps | lpr -P NS1-PS If you are receiving failure messages, make sure that the computer to which you are printing is accessible. For the Printer NSI-PS example, you could type smbclient -L NS1 -U jjones. Then type the password (my9passswd, in this case). If you get a positive name query response after you enter a password, you should see a list of shared printers and files from that server. Check the names, and try printing again. Adding a NetWare Printer To set up your Linux system to use a printer that is connected to (or otherwise managed by) a NetWare file and print server, you must gather the information about the server, queue, user, and password. Select to add a Novell printer (Novell created NetWare) from the Printer Configuration window (described previously), and then fill in the following information: . Server Host name of the computer to which the printer is attached (or otherwise accessible). This is the NetWare Server name for the computer. . Queue Name of the print queue on the NetWare server. . User Username required by the NetWare server system to enable access to the NetWare printer. . Password Password associated with the username. Complete the rest of the procedure as you would for a local printer (see the Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat section earlier in this chapter). Tip
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Chapter 25 . Running a Print Server 647 3. When prompted, fill in the username and password needed to access the SMB printer. (You may also fill in the Workgroup information, if required.) Click OK to continue. Alternatively, you could identify a server that does not appear on the list of servers. Click the Specify button and enter the following information in the appropriate fields: . Workgroup The workgroup name assigned to the SMB server. Filling in the workgroup name isn t necessary in all cases. . Server NetBIOS name or IP address for the computer, which may or may not be the same as its TCP/IP name. To translate this name into the address needed to reach the SMB host, Samba checks several places where the name may be assigned to an IP address. Samba checks the following (in the order shown) until it finds a match: the local /etc/hosts file, the local /etc/lmhosts file, a WINS server on the network, and responses to broadcasts on each local network interface to resolve the name. . Share Name under which the printer is shared with the remote computer. It may be different from the name by which local users of the SMB printer know the printer. . User Username is required by the SMB server system to give you access to the SMB printer. A username is not necessary if you are authenticating the printer based on share-level rather than user-level access control. With sharelevel access, you can add a password for each shared printer or file system. . Password Password associated with the SMB username or the shared resource, depending on the kind of access control being used. When you enter a User and Password for SMB, that information is stored unencrypted in the /etc/cups/printers.conf file. Be sure that the file remains readable only by root. Complete the rest of the procedure as you would for a local printer (see the Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat section earlier in this chapter). The result is new entries in the /etc/cups/cupsd.conf and printers.conf files. This /etc/cups/printers.conf entry shows the printer entry just created: Info Created by redhat-config-Eprinter 0.6.x DeviceURI smb://jjones:my9passswd@FSTREET/NS1/hp Location HP on ns1 State Idle Accepting Yes JobSheets none none QuotaPeriod 0 PageLimit 0 KLimit 0 Caution
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646 Part V . Running Servers Adding a Remote CUPS Printer If you chose to add a CUPS printer from the Printer Configuration window, you must add the following information to the window that appears: . Server Host name of the computer to which the printer is attached (or otherwise accessible). This can be an IP address or TCP/IP host name for the computer (the TCP/IP name is accessible from your /etc/hosts file or through a DNS name server). . Path Printer name on the remote CUPS print server. CUPS supports the concept of printer instances, which allows each printer to have several sets of options. If the remote CUPS printer is configured this way, you will be able to choose a particular path to a printer, such as hp/300dpi or hp/1200dpi. A slash character separates the print queue name from the printer instance. Complete the rest of the procedure as you would for a local printer (see the Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat section earlier in this chapter). Adding a Remote UNIX Printer If you chose to add a UNIX printer from the Printer Configuration window, you must add the following information to the window that appears: . Server Host name of the computer to which the printer is attached (or otherwise accessible). This is the IP address or TCP/IP name for the computer (the TCP/IP name is accessible from your /etc/hosts file or through a DNS name server). . Queue Printer name on the remote UNIX computer. Complete the rest of the procedure as you would for a local printer (see the Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat section earlier in this chapter). If the print job you send to test the printer is rejected, the print server computer may not have allowed you access to the printer. Ask the remote computer s administrator to add your host name to the /etc/lpd.perms file. (Type lpq -Pprinter to see the status of your print job.) Adding a Windows (SMB) Printer Enabling your computer to access an SMB printer (the Windows printing service) involves adding an entry for the printer in the Printer Configuration window. When you choose to add a Windows printer to the Printer Configuration window (described previously), you are presented with a list of computers on your network that have been detected as offering SMB services (file and/or printing service). You: 1. Select the server (click the arrow next to its name so that it points down). 2. Select the printer from the list of available printers shown. Tip
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Chapter 25 . Running a Print Server 645 Resolution Select the default printing resolution (such as 300, 600, or 1,200 dots per inch). Higher resolutions result in better quality but take longer to print. Printing Mode Choose to print in grayscale or color. 4. Click OK when you are satisfied with the changes you made to the local printer. Configuring Remote Printers in Red Hat To use a printer that is available on your network, you must identify that printer to your Linux system. Supported remote printer connections include Networked CUPS (IPP) printers, Networked UNIX (LPD) printers, Networked Windows (SMB) printers, NetWare printers, and JetDirect printers. (Of course, both CUPS and UNIX print servers can be run from Linux systems as well as other UNIX systems.) In each case, you need a network connection from your Linux system to the servers to which those printers are connected. To use a remote printer requires that someone set up that printer on the remote server computer. See the section titled Configuring Print Servers later in this chapter for information on how to do that on your Linux server. Use the Printer Configuration window to configure each of the remote printer types: 1. From the GNOME menu in Fedora, select System Settings.Printing. The comparable step in the K Desktop Environment is to select Printer System.Print Manager. 2. Click New. The Add a New Printer Queue window appears. 3. Click Forward. The Queue Name window appears. 4. Type a short name and description of the printer and click Forward. 5. Click the Select a Queue Type box and select one of the following: Networked CUPS (IPP) Networked UNIX (LPD) Networked Windows (SMB) Networked Novell (NCP) Networked JetDirect 6. Click Forward. Continue following the steps in whichever of the following sections is appropriate.
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644 Part V . Running Servers Printing should be working at this point. (If you want to share this printer with other computers on your network, refer to the Configuring Print Servers section of this chapter.) Adding a printer in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) is very similar to the GNOME process. Select System Menu.Printing System.Add Printer; the New Printer Wizard opens. Check out http://docs.kde.org/en/HEAD/kdebase/kdeprint/ for more details on using the New Printer Wizard (and printing in general) with KDE. Editing a Local Printer in Red Hat After you have created a printer queue, you can edit the printer queue definitions to change how the printer behaves. From the Printer Configuration window, do the following: 1. Select your printer, and click Edit. The Edit a Print Queue page appears. The following steps describe how to change options besides those you added originally. 2. Click the Queue Options tab. From this tab, you can: Add banner pages at the beginning and/or end of a job. This is good practice for a printer that is shared by many people. The banner page helps you sort who gets which print job. The standard banner page shows the ID of the print job, the title of the file, the user who requested the print job, and any billing information associated with it. Change the image area by setting all four side margins. The default is 36 points (one inch) on all four margins. You can adjust any of the four margins. Add or remove filter options. These options define attributes of printing to the selected printer. Click the Add button to see queue options you can add. Options are stored in the /etc/cups/lpoptions file for each printer. Options that you might want to change include cpi (print text documents 10, 12, or 17 characters per inch) or lpi (print text documents 6 or 8 lines per inch). For descriptions of other options, check out the CUPS Internet Printing Protocol page (/usr/share/doc/cups-*/ipp.html). 3. Click Driver Options to set defaults for options related to the printer driver. Many of these options can be overridden when someone prints a document. Here are a few of the options you might want to set: Media Source For multitray printers, you can select which tray to use by default. Page Size The default is U.S. letter size, but you can also ask the printer to print legal size, envelopes, or ISO A4 and A3 standard pages. Note
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Chapter 25 . Running a Print Server 643 If your printer is not on the list because you have not yet connected it, connect it now and select Rescan Devices to have your computer try again to detect the printer. If you intend to connect your printer later, or for some reason it s not being scanned, click Custom Device and specify the device name where the printer will be found. 7. Click Forward. The Printer Model window opens. 8. Click the arrow on the Select Manufacturer box, and then choose the manufacturer of your printer. From the list that appears, select your printer model. If your printer doesn t appear on the list but supports PCL (HP s Printer Control Language), try selecting one of the HP printers (such as HP LaserJet). If your printer supports PostScript, select PostScript printer from the list. Selecting Raw Print Queue enables you to send to the printer documents that are already formatted for that printer type. 9. Click the Notes button. In many cases, you ll see good information from the Linux Printing Database about how your printer is configured and how to tune it further. (Close the information window when you are done.) Click OK to continue. 10. If the information looks correct, click Finish to create the entry for your printer. 11. A pop-up window asks if you want to print a test page. Click Yes, and click Yes again when told the test page has printed. The test page tells you interesting information about your printer, the resolution, and the type of interpreter used (such as PostScript), for example. The printer appears in the main Printer Configuration window. If it is the only printer configured, a check mark appears next to it, identifying it as the default printer. As you add other printers, you can change the default printer by selecting the one you want and clicking the Default button. 12. From the Printer Configuration window, choose Apply to save the changes (if necessary). If you have no other printers to add, you can close the Printer Configuration window at this point (select Action.Quit), or you can try more tests. If you would like to try other test pages, click Test and select one of the following: US Letter PostScript test page Sends a letter-sized (8.5 x 11) page to the printer in PostScript format. If you have a color printer, the page appears in color. A4 PostScript test page Sends an A4 PostScript-formatted page to the printer. ASCII text test page Sends plain text to the named printer. Duplex test Sends a test page to see if the printer is in half or full duplex. JPEG test Sends a JPEG image to the printer. Tip
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642 Part V . Running Servers Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat To add a local printer from Fedora or other Red Hat Linux systems, follow these steps: 1. Select System Settings.Printing from the main menu or type the following as root user from a Terminal window: # system-config-printer & The Printer Configuration window appears. 2. Click New. An Add a New Print Queue window appears. 3. Click Forward. The Queue Name window (Figure 25-3) opens. Figure 25-3: Add printers connected locally or remotely with the Printer Configuration window. 4. Add the following information: Name Add the name you want to give to identify the printer. The name must begin with a letter, but after the initial letter, it can contain a combination of letters, numbers, dashes (-), and underscores (_). For example, an HP printer on a computer named maple could be named hp-maple. Description Add a few words describing the printer, such as its features (an HP LaserJet 2100M with PCL and PS support) or its location (in Room 205 under the coffeepot). 5. Click Forward. The Queue Type window appears. 6. Select Locally-connected, choose the device to which the printer is connected (/dev/lp0, /dev/usb/lp0, and /dev/ttyS0 are the first parallel, usb, and serial ports, respectively), and click Forward. (Type lpinfo -v | less to see all available ports.) Alternatively, you could do one of the following:
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