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758 Appendixes 3. Open the distros directory and select the Linux ISO image you want to burn to CD. Your choices are: damnsmall-dsl-0.9.0.1.iso Contains the complete Damn Small Linux distribution. You can burn it to a regular CD, mini-CD, or bootable business card size CD. feather-0.5.6.iso Contains the complete Feather Linux distribution. You can burn it to a regular CD, mini-CD or bootable business card size CD. Gentoo-install-x86-universal-2004.3-rl.iso Contains the universal install CD image for starting a Gentoo installation. Requires 633MB of space. INSERT-1.2.14.en.iso Contains the Inside Security Rescue Tools CD image. This is a bootable Linux CD image that requires only about 50MB of disk space. It can be burned to a regular CD, mini-CD, or bootable business card size CD. slackware-10.0-install-d1.iso Contains the CD image of the first of two Slackware 10 install CDs. It can be used by itself to install Slackware with a basic X desktop, some server packages, and programming tools. The second Slackware CD (slackware-10.0-install-d2.iso) is also on the DVD and can be used to add KDE or GNOME desktops. SUSE-LiveCD-9.1.iso Contains the CD image of the SUSE LiveCD. You can use it to install a workable desktop SUSE Linux system that includes KDE desktop and a nice set of desktop applications. 4. Open a folder on your hard disk (such as your home directory from a desktop icon) and browse to or create a folder to copy the CD image to. (You ll need between 50MB and 700MB of hard disk space, depending on the disk image you choose.) 5. Drag-and-drop the image to the folder on your hard disk. 6. Close all folders and shells that are open on the DVD or CD, and then unmount and eject the medium (right-click the DVD or CD icon and select Eject). 7. Open a CD/DVD burning application. For this procedure, I recommend K3B CD/DVD Burning Facility (http://www.k3b.org). In Fedora, select the Red Hat or Applications menu and choose Sound & Video .K3b (or type k3b from a Terminal window). The K3b - CD Kreator window appears. 8. From the K3b window, select Tools.CD.Burn CD Image. You are asked to choose an image file. 9. Browse to the image you just copied to hard disk and select it. Once the image you want is selected, the Burn CD Image window appears and does a checksum on the image. (You can compare the checksum number that appears against the number in the MD5SUM file on the DVD for this image, to be sure that the CD image was not corrupted.) Figure A-1 shows the Burn CD Image window ready to burn an image of Damn Small Linux.
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Appendix A: Media 757 Some of these distributions have downloadable versions available on the Internet. I recommend that you try a Linux distribution site such as DistroWatch.com (www.distrowatch.com) to see if there is a free version of any of these distributions to try out. Creating Linux CDs There are several tools you can use to create bootable CDs for either installing or just running Linux from CD images contained on the DVD. Before you begin, you need to have the following: . DVD or CD drive You need a drive from which to copy the ISO image of the CD you want from the DVD or CD that come with this book, depending on which medium contains the image that you want. If you don t have a DVD drive, download and verify Linux installation CD images yourself, as described in Chapter 7. Then burn those images to CD as explained later in this appendix. . Linux Bible 2005 Edition DVD or CD The DVD contains two different CD images that you can burn to CD and use to install that particular Linux. The CD contains three live CD images and one install image you can burn to CD. . Blank CDs You need blank CDs to burn the CD images to. . CD burner You can use a different drive than your DVD/CD drive to burn CDs. Or, alternatively, you can copy a CD image to hard disk, remove the DVD/CD, and burn the new CD image to a CD in the same drive. Unless you have two DVD/CD drives, you must copy the CD image to your hard disk before you can burn it. (If you have two drives, simply skip the steps for copying the CD image to hard disk.) Here s how to create bootable Linux CDs from a running Linux system (such as Fedora Core 3): 1. With a Linux desktop system running, insert the Linux Bible 2005 Edition DVD or CD into the drive. 2. If an icon appears on the desktop for the DVD, open it (double-click). (If an icon doesn t appear, mount the DVD manually by typing something like the following as root user: mount /dev/cdrom or mount /dev/hdc, depending on the location of your DVD or CD drive. Then browse to where that image is located from your desktop window manager. It s probably mounted on /mnt/cdrom or something like /media/cdrecorder.)
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756 Appendixes Inside Security Rescue Toolkit Inside Security Rescue Toolkit (INSERT) is a small, bootable Linux distribution that contains a variety of useful tools for checking, repairing, and recovering computers and networks. INSERT is small enough to fit on a bootable business card CD or mini- CD. While many of its tools are text-based, INSERT includes a simple graphical interface (using X and FluxBox window manager) and a few graphical tools. An ISO image of INSERT is contained on the CD that comes with this book. Information on burning INSERT to CD is contained later in this appendix. Refer to Chapter 18 for descriptions of what s inside INSERT. Feather Linux Like Damn Small Linux, Feather Linux is a small, bootable Linux distribution that s based on KNOPPIX, with some features from Damn Small Linux as well. Burn the image from the CD that comes with this book to CD or mini-CD (it takes only 64MB of disk space). Refer to Chapter 18 for details about the contents of the Feather Linux distribution. Coyote Linux Although not considered a major Linux distribution, Coyote Linux is an excellent illustration of a useful Linux distribution that fits on a floppy disk (1.4MB). You ll copy the tar file of Coyote Linux on the DVD to a Linux system, configure Coyote Linux to suit your needs, and copy the resulting boot image to floppy disk. See Chapter 17 for information on how to configure and use Coyote Linux as a firewall. Linux Distributions Not on the DVD or CD Not all the Linux distributions featured in this book are included on the DVD. Some of these did not encourage free redistribution of their products, while others were simply too large to include in their entirety and were not available on a single install CD or bootable Live CD. The following Linux distributions described in the book are not on the DVD. The link shown after each distribution s name indicates the Internet site where you can find out how to purchase or otherwise obtain it. . Yellow Dog Linux (www.terrasoftsolutions.com/store) . Linspire Linux (www.linspire.com/product_page.php) . Mandrakelinux (www.mandrakesoft.com/products) . Red Hat Enterprise Linux (www.redhat.com/software/rhel/)
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Appendix A: Media 755 Finding Linux Distributions on the CD The CD that comes with this book boots directly to a Debian network install or a live boot of Damn Small Linux. An ISO image of a Gentoo minimal install CD is contained in the distros directory, as well as bootable images of INSERT and Feather Linux. Coyote Linux is contained on a tar/gzip that you copy to a hard disk and build into a floppy Linux distribution from instructions in Chapter 17. Debian GNU/Linux The net install ISO image of Debian GNU/Linux distribution is contained on the CD. Debian offers thoroughly tested releases that many Linux consultants and experts use because of its excellent software packaging and stability. Debian is used as the sample distribution for creating a Web server (LAMP) and mail server, as described in Chapters 23 and 24, respectively. You can install Debian directly from the CD that comes with this book. The procedure for installing Debian is included in Chapter 9. Gentoo Linux The Gentoo Minimal install CD ISO image is included on the CD. With the Gentoo CD, you can install a usable Linux system, to which you can add any of the nearly 7,000 software packages that are available with Gentoo. Those packages can be obtained over a network connection or from a local CD, DVD, or hard disk. (A network install of those additional packages is described in Chapter 13.) Procedures for burning the Gentoo ISO image from the CD that comes with this book to CD are contained later in this appendix. Then refer to Chapter 13 for information on using the Gentoo CD to install Gentoo on your computer. The procedure described in that chapter has you building much of the Gentoo operating system from scratch, specifically for your computer hardware, and downloading needed packages from the Internet. Damn Small Linux Damn Small Linux is set up to boot directly from the CD contained with this book. We have also included an ISO image of Damn Small Linux included on the same CD that can fit on a mini-CD (less than 50MB). This distribution illustrates how a useful desktop Linux distribution, which includes full network connectivity and some useful productivity applications, can fit in a very small space. Information on burning the Damn Small Linux distribution to CD is contained later in this appendix. See Chapter 18 for information on using Damn Small Linux.
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754 Appendixes Because the complete Fedora Core 3 Linux distribution is included, you have access to a broad range of software packages (more than 1,600), allowing you to get a feel for using Linux as a desktop, server, or programmer s workstation. Details on installing and using Fedora Core 3 are contained in Chapter 8. If you find that you like Fedora Core 3, consider getting the Red Hat Fedora Linux 3 Bible to learn more about that distribution. While some of the material overlaps with this book s, you will get more complete coverage of installation and different kinds of servers that are available with Fedora Core 3. KNOPPIX Linux The KNOPPIX 3.6 LiveCD Linux distribution is configured to boot by default from the DVD that comes with this book. KNOPPIX is the most popular bootable Linux and offers some unique features to set it apart from other bootable Linux distribution (such as ways of saving configuration settings and using it as a persistent desktop Linux). Information on using KNOPPIX and configuring it in various ways is contained in Chapter 11. SUSE Linux The single SUSE 9.1 CD image included on the DVD contains a nice set of features that enable you to install a very usable SUSE desktop system. SUSE Linux is developed and supported by Novell, which offers SUSE as part of a wider range of Enterprise-ready Linux and NetWare software. To install SUSE from the ISO image included on the DVD, you must first burn that image to CD, as described later in this appendix. Then, follow the installation instructions in Chapter 10. Slackware 10 The DVD contains the first Slackware 10 CD. Slackware is the oldest surviving Linux system and continues to have a loyal following among Linux enthusiasts. The first CD contains a good mix of desktop and server software. (You can obtain the second CD from slackware.com if you want to install a full KDE or GNOME desktop for Slackware.) Later in this appendix, you ll find out how to burn the Slackware ISO images to CD from the DVD. Chapter 14 tells how to install Slackware on your computer from that CD. Chapter 3 describes how to configure a simple window manager for Slackware. Note
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Media The DVD and CD that accompany the Linux Bible 2005 Edition contain ten different Linux distributions. Two of those distributions can be booted directly from the DVD and run live (KNOPPIX) or installed to your hard disk (Fedora Core 3). Two can be booted and run live from the CD (Damn Small Linux) or installed to your hard disk (Debian). The others can be burned to CD-ROM from one of those two media and installed separately. General information on installing or booting the various Linux distributions on the DVD is contained in Chapter 7. Specific instructions for using and installing each Linux distribution are contained in the other chapters in Part III (Chapters 8 to 18). The software contained on the CD and DVD is covered under the GNU Public License (GPL) or other licenses included on the medium for each software distribution. Use the software on this DVD (as you would any GPL software) at your own risk. Refer to README, RELEASE-NOTES, and any licensing files delivered with each distribution, and be sure that you agree with the terms they spell out before using the software. Finding Linux Distributions on the DVD The following sections describe the Linux distributions contained on the DVD. Fedora Core 3 and KNOPPIX are immediately bootable from the DVD. The other distributions are contained in ISO images in the distros directory on the DVD. Fedora Core 3 Linux The DVD includes the entire Fedora Core 3 distribution that normally comes on four installation CDs. This is the recommended Linux distribution for trying out most of the procedures in this book. You can install Fedora Core 3 directly from the DVD without having to create CDs from the DVD to install separately. Caution AAPAP E N D I X
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752 Part VI . Programming in Linux The search and reverse-search commands are especially helpful in large source files that have dozens or hundreds of lines. One common use of the reverse-search command is to find the file and/or line in which a variable is first used or in which it is defined. The search command similarly enables you to locate with relative ease each location in which a program symbol (variable, macro, or function) is used, perhaps to find the use that changes a variable unexpectedly or the place where a function is called when it shouldn t be. Summary This chapter took you on a whirlwind tour of a few of the most common programs and utilities used by Linux programmers. You learned how to use GCC to compile programs, how to use make to automate compiling programs, and how to find information about programming libraries using programs like ldd, nm, and ldconfig. You also learned enough about the source code control systems RCS and CVS to be comfortable with the terminology and how to use their most basic features. Finally, you learned how to use the GNU debugger GDB to figure out why, or at least where, a program fails. . . .
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Chapter 28 . Programming Tools and Utilities 751 (gdb) break linenum if expr (gdb) break funcname if expr expr can be any expression that evaluates to true (nonzero). For example, the following break command stops execution at line 24 of debugme when the variable i equals 15: (gdb) break 24 if i == 15 Breakpoint 1 at 0×80483cb: file debugme.c, line 24. (gdb) run Starting program: /home/kwall/code/debugme Breakpoint 1, index_to_the_moon (ary=0xbffff4b0) at debugme.c:24 24 ary[i] = i; Stopping when i equals 15 is an arbitrary choice to demonstrate conditional breaks. As you can see, gdb stopped on line 24. A quick print command confirms that it stopped when the value of i reached the requested value: (gdb) print i $1 = 15 To resume executing after hitting a breakpoint, type continue. If you have set many breakpoints and have lost track of what has been set and which ones have been triggered, you can use the info breakpoints command to refresh your memory. Working with Source Code Locating a specific variable or function in a multifile project is a breeze with GDB, provided you use the -d switch to tell it where to find additional source code files. This is a particularly helpful option when not all of your source code is located in your current working directory or in the program s compilation directory (which GCC recorded in its symbol table). To specify one or more additional directories, start GDB using one or more -d dirname options, as this example illustrates: $ gdb -d /source/project1 -d /oldsource/project1 -d /home/b ubba/src killerapp To locate the next occurrence of a particular string in the current file, use the search string command. Use reverse-search string to find the previous occurrence of string. If you want to find the previous occurrence of the word return in debugme.c (see Listing 28-5), for example, use the command reverse-search return. GDB obliges and displays the text: (gdb) reverse-search return 17 return ret;
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750 Part VI . Programming in Linux (gdb) whatis i type = int (gdb) whatis ary type = int * (gdb) whatis index_to_the_moon type = void (int *) This feature may seem rather useless because, of course, you know the types of all the variables in your program (yeah, right!). But, you will change your mind the first time you have to debug someone else s code or have to fix a multifile project for which you haven t seen the source files for a couple of months. The whatis command can also help you track down bugs that result from assigning an inappropriate value to a variable. Setting Breakpoints As you debug problematic code, it is often useful to halt execution at some point. Perhaps you want to stop execution before the code enters a section that is known to have problems. In other cases, you can set breakpoint so you can look at the values of certain variables at a given point in the execution flow. In still other situations, you might find it useful to stop execution so you can step through the code one instruction at a time. GDB enables you to set breakpoints on several different kinds of code constructs, including line numbers and function names, and also enables you to set conditional breakpoints, where the code stops only if a certain condition is met. To set a breakpoint on a line number, use the following syntax: (gdb) break linenum To stop execution when the code enters a function, use: (gdb) break funcname In either case, GDB halts execution before executing the specified line number or entering the specified function. You can then use print to display variable values, for example, or use list to review the code that is about to be executed. If you have a multifile project and want to halt execution on a line of code or in a function that is not in the current source file, use the following forms: (gdb) break filename:linenum (gdb) break filename:funcname Conditional breakpoints are usually more useful. They enable you to temporarily halt program execution if or when a particular condition is met. The correct syntax for setting conditional breakpoints is:
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Chapter 28 . Programming Tools and Utilities 749 The expression $1 is an alias that refers to an entry in GDB s value history. GDB creates value history entries for each command you type that produces computed results. The alias numbers increment sequentially each time you execute a command that produces some sort of computed output. As a result, you can access these computed values using aliases rather than retyping the command. For example, the command $1-5 produces: (gdb) print $1-5 $2 = 719 Notice that the alias incremented to $2. If you later need to use the value 719, you can use the alias $2. The value history is reset each time you start GDB, and the values are not accessible outside GDB. You are not limited to using discrete values because gdb can display the addresses of data stored in an arbitrary region of memory. For example, to print the first 10 memory locations associated with ary, use the following command: (gdb) print ary@10 $3 = {0xbffffc90, 0×40015580, 0×400115800, 0×0, 0×1, 0×2, 0c3, 0×4, 0×5} The notation @10 means to print the 10 values that begin at ary. Say, on the other hand, that you want to print the five values stored in ary beginning with the first element. The command for this would be the following: (gdb) print ary[1]@5 $4 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Why go to the trouble of printing variable or array values? Although it isn t necessary in this particular example because you know where the trouble occurs, it is often necessary to see the value of a variable at a particular point in a program s execution so you monitor what is happening to variables. In the case of arrays, a command that prints the values in an array, such as print ary[1]@5 in the preceding example, enables you to confirm at a glance the values are what you expect them to be. If the values don t match up with your expectations, though, that is a clue that some code is altering the array in a way you didn t intend. As a result, you can focus your bug hunting on a specific section of code. GDB also can tell you the types of variables using the whatis command. GDB s whatis command is comparable to the man -f command, which searches the whatis database of system commands for short descriptions of those system commands (the manual page whatis database is totally separate from the whatis command used by GDB).While man s whatis database works on system commands, GDB s whatis command describes the types of variables and other data structures used in a program.
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